Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which apparently develops by accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and the tooth crown of an unerupted tooth. When observed with erupted and complete dentition the diagnosis is a surprise; as about 95% of dentigerous cysts involve the permanent dentition and only 5% are associated with supernumerary teeth. The usual age of clinical presentation of dentigerous cyst due to supernumerary tooth is during the first four decades. Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth situated between the maxillary central incisors. More frequently the mesiodens occurs unilaterally, but it may also be bilateral, while three or more supernumerary teeth in the median region of the palate are more rarely found. We report a rare case of dentigerous cyst in association with multiple mesiodens in a 14-year-old female patient.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the level of oral health awareness in a selected sample of Indian children and a selected sample of western children residing in Amritsar city of Punjab. Children were evaluated on the basis of a standardized questionnaire developed by WHO, for health awareness in children. Final results revealed the level of awareness in both the groups and the practical application of their knowledge about dental health in day to day life.

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This study aims to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment between 11 and 14 year old school children in Shiraz. A sample of 2000 students consisting of 1200 boys and 800 girls from various parts of the city was selected. The index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) was used by two calibrated examiners. The data was recorded in questionnaires to assess dental health components (DHC). Aesthetic components (AC) were evaluated both by students (AC) and examiners (ACE). The results for DHC of IOTN were: 18.39% of population showed severe and very severe need for treatment, 25.8% were in border line category, 48.1% had a slight need and the percentage for no need to treatment was 7.63%. In evaluating AC, 91.93% were in no need or little need, 3.91% in moderate need and 4.11% in great need to treatment group. Where as ACE resulted in: 91.31% no need and little need, 2.44% moderate need and 6.21% great need to treatment. There was a slight statistical correlation (0.54) between AC and ACE, but a very weak correlation between DHC and AC was observed. According to DHC, boys showed more need for treatment than girls (P=0.001). Grade 8 showed the most percentage in great need category in both AC and ACE (3.41% of 4.11% and 5.74% of 6.21%, respectively). The results indicate that the need for orthodontic treatment was less than other studies and most of the students were in the category of little need for treatment.

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Talon cusp is a developmental dental anomaly thought to arise as a result of evagination on the surface of a tooth crown before calcification has occurred. The etiology remains unknown. The incidence is 0.04-10%. Any tooth may have a talon cusp but most of the cases involve maxillary lateral incisors, with some instances of bilateral involvement. The anomaly has been reported to be rare in the mandible. This article reports four cases of talon cusp. The first and the second cases describe bilateral involvement of talon cusp on palatal surfaces of maxillary primary centrals; in the third case talon tubercle occurs on palatal surfaces of both maxillary permanent lateral incisors and the maxillary left central incisor and in the last case a talon cusp in the lingual surface of mandibular permanent lateral incisor.

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Plexiform neurofibroma is a non-circumscribed, thick, and irregular benign tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath. It is a virtually pathognomonic and often disabling feature of neurofibromatosis type I. The diffuse and soft nature of plexiform neurofibroma is often compared to 'a bag of worms' and is difficult to distinguish from a vascular malformation or a lymphangioma, thus necessitating thorough clinical and histopathological examination and imaging of the lesion. We present a case of plexiform neurofibroma in a 12-year-old male child.

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Many industrialized countries have reported a decline in caries prevalence over the past few decades. These reductions have been related to the regular use of fluoride dentifrices. Fluoride dentifrices are the most cost-effective and efficient means of caries prevention. However, there have been concerns regarding the risk of fluorosis in children due to the ingestion of dentifrices. This has led to the use of dentifrices with low concentration of fluoride. Salivary fluoride levels after tooth-brushing have been shown to be related to the anticaries efficacy of fluoride dentifrices. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the concentration of fluoride in the dentifrice, on the salivary fluoride level in children. Twenty children in the age group of five to six years were randomly selected and divided into two groups using, either 500ppm or 1000ppm fluoride dentifrice (sodium monofluorophosphate). Salivary fluoride levels at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, minutes after brushing were estimated. The data collected was statistically evaluated using the unpaired t-test. The results showed that salivary fluoride levels following use of 500ppm fluoride dentifrice were significantly lower than 1000ppm fluoride dentifrice. The low salivary fluoride levels may thereby reduce the anticaries efficacy. Hence, the pros and cons of recommending a low fluoride concentration dentifrice must be judiciously considered.

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Maxillary midline diastema is a common aesthetic problem in mixed and early permanent dentitions. The space can occur either as a transient malocclusion or created by developmental, pathological or iatrogenical factors. Many innovative therapies varying from restorative procedures such as composite build-up to surgery (frenectomies) and orthodontics are available. Although literature says every frenectomy procedure should be preceded by orthodontic treatment, we opted for frenectomy technique without any orthodontic intervention. Presented herewith is a case report of a 9-year-old girl with a high frenal attachment that had caused spacing of the maxillary central incisors. A spontaneous closure of the midline diastema was noted within 2 months following frenectomy. The patient was followed up for 4 months after which the space remained closed and there was no necessity for an orthodontic treatment at a later stage.

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The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the oral and dental status of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients undergoing hemodialysis at children's Hospitals in Tehran. Fifty-three children with CRF aged 5-18 years recruited from the renal unit of children's medical center, Tehran Hospitals for children, were studied. The decayed, missing, filled dmf, DMF, and MGI scores were recorded. The CRF children had low prevalence of dental caries, although none of the clinical diagnoses displayed the absence of gingival inflammation. Duration of dialysis and Anemia had a significant influence on the gingival condition. Especially anemia leads to severe gingivitis. The CRF children need careful monitoring and all such patient should be given oral hygiene education as topmost priority.

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Trigeminal neuralgia is extremely rare in children. No concrete treatment protocols seem to be available for management of this condition in the pediatric population. Although trigeminal neuralgia may achieve remission, the possibility of reactivation of a hitherto quiescent condition cannot be ruled out. We present a case of pediatric trigeminal neuralgia following distraction osteogenesis of the mandible.

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Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare and an autosomal dominant disorder having the following characteristics: slowly growing sparse hair, medially thick, and laterally thin eyebrows, bulbous tip of the nose, long flat philtrum and thin upper lip with vermilion border, protruding ears, cone-shaped epiphyses and swelling. Our report intends to introduce TRPS to the dental literature and to present oral, clinical, and radiological data of a patient with TRPS. A rare association of supernumerary teeth was also diagnosed and one of them was extracted as it impeded on the eruption path of left premolar tooth.

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A female child of 4 years with congenital absence of tongue has been described. This anomaly is usually associated with other congenital defects particularly limb and other cranio-facial defects. But in this case, the child enjoys the normal life, the unusual absence of tongue; she used to go to school play around with her friends and had a comparable I.Q.

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Cherubism is a benign disease of bones affecting the jaws and giving a characteristic cherubic appearance to the patient. On radiography, the lesions exhibit bilateral multilocular radiolucent areas. Histopathology shows numerous multinucleated giant cells in the background of proliferating fibrous connective tissue. Cherubism can be a solitary case. The present report describe cherubism in two siblings and briefly review the literature on this subject.

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Submersion is a clinical term describing a tooth depressed below the occlusal plane. In this case report, we present the treatment of a patient who had totally submerged primary maxillary second molar, which caused impaction of the second premolar and space loss in the maxillary arch due to tipping of adjacent teeth. A 12-year-old girl was referred to the pediatric dentistry clinic. The intra-oral examination revealed that right maxillary second primary molar was localized buccal side of posterior maxillary alveolar process, being almost completely covered by gingiva and adjacent teeth inclined closing the space of the related teeth completely. Periapical radiograph demonstrated that maxillary second premolar was impacted. Based on clinical and radiographic findings, maxillary primary second molar was extracted. Headgear was used for the distalization of maxillary right first molar in order to create space for the impacted second premolar. Eruption begun spontaneously 6 months later.

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Crossed hemifacial hyperplasia is a rare condition producing facial asymmetry and overgrowth of the extremities of the opposite side. Very few cases are reported in literature. A case of an 11-year-old female is presented here to supplement existing clinical knowledge with many of the reported clinical and orofacial findings. Emphasis is placed on diagnosis of the condition by thoughtful elimination and the necessity of a multi-disciplinary approach to its management.

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