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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 28
| Issue : 4 | Page : 251-257 |
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Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation
S Saha1, F Samadi2, JN Jaiswal3, U Ghoshal4
1 Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
2 Professor & Head, Department of Pedodontics, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
3 Professor & Director, Department of Pedodontics, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| Date of Web Publication | 25-Jan-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
S Saha
Department of Pedodontics, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, bareilly Road, Lucknow - 226 025
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.76151
 Abstract | | |
Background: Microbes are considered as the primary etiological agents in endodontic diseases. The ways of reducing these agents are root canal debridement, antimicrobial irrigants, and antibacterial filling materials. But the complexity of the pulp canal system presents a problem for chemomechanical preparation. One of the factors determining the success of endodontic treatment is the sealing material with a potent bactericidal effect. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers of different bases - in vitro. Materials and Method: The antimicrobial activity of three root canal sealers (endomethasone, AH 26, and apexit) was evaluated against seven strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. The freshly mixed sealers were placed in prepared wells of agar plates inoculated with the test microorganisms. The plates were incubated for 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 and 15 days. The mean zones of inhibition were measured. Statistical Analysis: All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 13 statistical software version. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Bonferroni test, and paired t test were performed to reveal the statistical significance. Results: Statistically significant zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed in descending order of antimicrobial activity: endomethasone, AH 26, and apexit. Conclusion: Zinc oxide eugenol based root canal sealer produced largest inhibitory zones followed in decreasing order by epoxy resin based sealer and least by calcium hydroxide based root canal sealer.
Keywords: AH26, antimicrobial activity, apexit, endomethasone, root canal sealers
How to cite this article:
Saha S, Samadi F, Jaiswal J N, Ghoshal U. Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2010;28:251-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Saha S, Samadi F, Jaiswal J N, Ghoshal U. Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent [serial online] 2010 [cited 2021 Sep 28];28:251-7. Available from: https://www.jisppd.com/text.asp?2010/28/4/251/76151 |
| Introduction | |  |
Microorganisms and their products are considered to be the primary etiological agents in endodontic diseases. [1] Failure, during and after endodontic treatment, is linked to the presence of bacteria in the root canal. [2] This result hence emphasizes the importance of completely eliminating bacteria from the root canal system. [3] The most effective ways to achieve this aim are by means of instrumentation and irrigation. However, no less important than the biomechanics is an adequate filling (obturation) of the root canal. [4] But the irregularity in shape (lateral ducts, anastomosis, bifurcations, and bends), solid or semisolid root canal filling material, alone cannot provide an exact fit. [5] Therefore, root canal sealers with good sealing ability and antimicrobial activity are desired to kill and eliminate residual microorganisms. [6] Hence the present study has been taken up to test the antimicrobial activity of currently used endodontic sealers, against microbes found in the tooth with a vital inflamed pulp or pulpal necrosis.
The aim of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers of different bases - in vitro.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The present study was conducted in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, in collaboration with Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of three commercially available root canal sealers of different bases namely zinc oxide eugenol based sealer, epoxy resin based sealer, and calcium hydroxide based sealer were evaluated against seven strains of bacteria (aerobes, facultative, and obligate anaerobes) known to be common isolates in necrotic pulps and endodontic lesions, at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test (ADT).
Previously, a pilot study was carried out in the same departments to overview the proper study design and to take care of the possible constraints during the main study.
Tested sealers
Three commercially available root canal sealers of different bases used in this study were endomethasone (zinc oxide eugenol based sealer), AH 26 (epoxy resin based sealer), and apexit (calcium hydroxide based sealer). The sources of the sealers [Table 1]
Preparation of the sealers
The sealers were prepared in strict compliance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Test microorganisms
Antibacterial activities of the sealers were evaluated against five aerobes and facultative anaerobes and two obligate anaerobes.
Strains used, their source, and morphotype are given below:
Staphylococcus aureus - ATCC 25923 - Gram positive cocci
Streptococcus β haemolyticus - ATCC 10556 - Gram positive cocci
Enterococcus faecalis - ATCC 29212 - Gram positive cocci
Escherichia More Details coli - ATCC 25922 - Gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ATCC 27853 - Gram negative bacilli
Peptostreptococcus sp . (obligate anaerobes) - NCTC 9821 - Gram positive cocci
Bacteroides fragilis (obligate anaerobes) - ATCC 35406 - Gram negative bacilli
- ATCC = American type culture collection
- NCTC = National culture type collection
Procedure
Cultures of the individual bacterial strains were obtained from the laboratory stock of the Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow.
Growth conditions and bacterial culture
S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli , and P. aeruginosa were grown aerobically in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and S. β haemolyticus in Trypticase soy broth. B. fragilis and Peptostreptococcus sp. were grown in BHI containing hemin and menadione.
Preparation of the inoculums
Inoculum for each bacterial strain was prepared by picking up four to five colonies with the help of a circular, previously sterilized loop of 4 mm internal diameter and dissolving them into respective test tubes containing 5 ml of 0.85% saline solution - to produce a turbidity of 0.5 on McFarland scale which corresponds to a concentration of 10 8 colony-forming units per milliliter. Petridishes, 90 mm diameter, containing 4 mm thick Mueller-Hinton agar (MH; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) were used for all the above bacterial strains except S. β haemolyticus, for which Blood agar plates were used.
To ensure even distribution of the inoculums, the respective bacterial dilutions were then swabbed evenly onto freshly prepared respective agar plates using the "lawn technique." Each plate (for every individual bacterial strain) was evenly divided into three equal sections. In each section of each plate, wells of 6 mm diameter were created with the help of previously fabricated and sterilized copper wells. The three wells in each section were then filled with the three different based freshly mixed sealers.
| Incubation | | |
The inoculated plates with the sealers were kept for 2 hours at room temperature to allow the diffusion of the agents through the agar. The MH agar plates were incubated at 37°C. The blood agar plates inoculated with S. β haemolyticus strain was incubated in a CO 2 incubator (Jouan, Saint Herblain, France) in an atmosphere of 10% CO 2 . Plates with strict anaerobes were immediately placed into GasPak anaerobic jars [nitrogen (90%) and CO 2 (10%)].
The plates for facultative anaerobes were read at 24, 48, 72 hours and lastly at 7 days for size of the zone of inhibition, while readings for strict anaerobes were carried out after 48 hours, 7 days, and 15 days. The whole experiment was repeated six times for each isolate and the mean zone of inhibition was then calculated.
Measuring the size of zone of inhibition
Growth inhibitory zones around each sealer were evidenced by lack of bacterial colonization (clearing of agar) adjacent to each sealer. The most uniform diameter segment of the zone of inhibition was measured with an endodontic millimeter ruler, and the 6 mm diameter of the well was extracted from the measurement as the cut-off value. All measurements above this value were considered indicative of significant bacterial growth inhibition. Wider zones of inhibition were interpreted to indicate greater antimicrobial activity of the involved sealers.
Positive growth control/negative growth control
Positive growth control. Seven agar plates were streaked with individual test microorganisms only without the sealers to ensure that the bacterial life cycle did not become inactive before the last 7-day observation in case of aerobes/facultative anaerobes and last 15-day observation in case of obligate anaerobes.
Negative control. Three sealers were placed on seven plates which had not been inoculated with bacteria, and one plate had neither sealer nor bacteria.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 13 statistical software version. All the data were presented in tabular and bar diagram form. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), Post-hoc Bonferroni test, and paired t test were performed to know the effects of each variable and to reveal the statistical significance. The confidence level of the study was proposed to be 95%; hence a P value <0.05 has been considered significant, P value <0.01 has been considered highly significant, and a P value <0.001 has been considered very highly significant.
| Results | | |
[Table 2] shows the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide eugenol based sealer (endomethasone), epoxy resin based sealer (AH 26), and calcium hydroxide based sealer (apexit) against all the five aerobic microorganisms (S. aureus, S. β haemolyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa) at 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days time interval. It was seen that the mean antimicrobial efficacy of endomethasone was significantly higher as compared to that of AH 26 and apexit. Maximum antimicrobial efficacy was seen for endomethasone (32.97±8.77 mm) at 24 hours, while minimum antimicrobial efficacy was seen for apexit (1.40±1.85 mm) at 7 days [Figure 1],[Figure 2],[Figure 3],[Figure 4],[Figure 5]. | Figure 1 :Culture plate showing zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus
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 | Figure 2 :Culture plate showing Zones of Inhibition for Streptococcus β haemolyticus
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 | Figure 3 :Culture plate showing zones of inhibition for Enterococcus faecalis
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 | Figure 4 :Culture plate showing Zones of Inhibition for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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 | Figure 5 :Culture plate showing Zones of Inhibition for Escherichia coli
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 | Table 2 :Antibacterial efficacy of different sealers for aerobic bacteria (Values in mean±SD)
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[Table 3] shows ANOVA of the three different sealers for the aerobic strains of bacteria. Results reveal a highly significant (P<0.001) difference among the sealer groups for their antimicrobial efficacy against aerobic bacteria at the four different time intervals. | Table 3 :Analysis of variance of different sealers for aerobic bacteria
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[Table 4] shows the antimicrobial efficacy of endomethasone, AH 26, and apexit against the two anaerobic microorganisms (B. fragilis and Peptostreptococcus sp.) at 48 hours, 7 days, and 15 days time interval. It was seen that the mean antimicrobial efficacy of endomethasone was significantly higher as compared to that of AH 26 and apexit. Maximum antimicrobial efficacy was seen for endomethasone (50.92±2.74 mm) at 2 days, while minimum antimicrobial efficacy was seen for apexit (1.25±1.36 mm) at 15 days time interval. | Table 4 :Antibacterial efficacy of different sealers for anaerobic bacteria (Values in mean±SD)
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[Table 5] shows ANOVA of the three different sealers for the anaerobic strains of bacteria. Results reveal a highly significant (P<0.001) difference among the groups for their antimicrobial efficacy against anaerobic bacteria at different time intervals. | Table 5 :Analysis of variance of different sealers for anaerobic bacteria
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Graph 1[Additional file 1] reveals the antibacterial efficacy of the three different test sealers against all the seven microbial strains. Statistically significant difference in antibacterial efficacy was seen for different microbial strains and sealers. It was seen that endomethasone had a higher efficacy as compared to all the other sealers for all the microbial strains. Highest efficacy was seen against B. fragilis (46.06±7.42 mm), while apexit was found to be ineffective against four strains. Results also revealed that endomethasone and AH 26 exhibited the maximum antibacterial efficacy against B. fragilis, while apexit showed maximum antibacterial efficacy against S. β haemolyticus. E. faecalis was found to be the most resistant strain.
| Discussion | | |
Objective of root canal treatment is to eliminate the bacteria by cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the root canal system. But residual bacteria lead to endodontic failures. Therefore, root canal sealers with good sealing ability and antimicrobial activity are desired to kill the surviving microorganisms. [6]
To standardize the whole experimental process, great care had been taken regarding the inoculation density, proper incubation, positive and negative growth control, careful reading of zone of inhibition, and repetition of the whole experiment six times.
The most commonly used root canal sealers in endodontics are mainly of three types depending on their composition. These are zinc oxide eugenol based, calcium hydroxide based, and epoxy resin based root canal sealers. [6],[7],[8]
Most of the studies reported evaluated initial microbial inhibition only, but it seems equally important to determine the effect over a longer time interval. [9]
It was important to ensure that test bacteria selected were true endodontic pathogens. [10] If a sealer is effective against these microorganisms, it will probably be effective against the more susceptible ones.
S. β haemolyticus represents a standard against which antibacterial action of a sealer should be studied. [11] E. faecalis was the most resistant species in the oral cavity and possible cause of failure of root canal treatment. [4] P. aeruginosa was resistant to all antibiotics and flora of long-standing therapy. [12],[13] Of the Bacteroides sp., B. fragilis has been isolated from infected root canals. [14]
Most commonly used method in vitro for assessing antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers is the ADT. [4],[15],[16] This test maintains the chemical properties of the tested sealers. [5] ADT is influenced by the diffusibility of the material; hence plates were kept for 2 hours at room temperature (allow the diffusion) as suggested by Gomes et al.[4]
Zinc oxide eugenol based root canal sealer (endomethasone) produced the largest inhibitory zones against all microorganisms, which was in accordance with similar inhibitory activity of zinc oxide eugenol based sealers byCox et al., Stevens and Grossman, Orstavik, Pupo et al., Barkhordar, and Al Khatib et al, [1],[14],[17],[18],[19],[20] Endomethasone showed a continued inhibitory effect for up to 7 days and for up to 15 days. Kaplan et al. stated that the most effective antimicrobial sealers contain eugenol and formaldehyde. [9] Pupo and coworkers proved endomethasone to be the most effective among all the zinc oxide eugenol based sealers. [19] A gradual, continuous release of formaldehyde from the paraformaldehyde in the sealer (after setting) accounts for the antibacterial activity. [14] Eugenol present is a potent antimicrobial agent (bactericidal agent). [21]
The epoxy resin based sealer (AH 26) exhibited zones of bacterial growth inhibition but lesser in comparison with the endomethasone, which was in accordance with the study by Grossman, Orstavik, Stevens and Grossman, Pumarola et al., Kaplan et al., Lai et al., and Gomes et al.[4],[5],[9],[14],[18],[22],[23] AH 26 contain hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) in its basic composition. Methenamine is a hydrophilic material, and in an acidic environment is hydrolyzed to ammonia and formaldehyde. [24] Release of formaldehyde during this activity gives the resin-based sealer its antimicrobial properties. [16] Al-Khatib et al. showed existence of antibacterial activity of this material on Streptococcus strains and S. aureus.[1] AH 26 showed good antibacterial activity against E. faecalis.[25]
Apexit demonstrated no antimicrobial activity against four of the test microorganisms tested viz E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. fragilis and very little antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, Streptococcus and Peptostreptococcus strains. This result was consistent with the studies of Siquera and Lopes. [26]
Antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide based sealers is based on its ionic dissociation into calcium (Ca 2+ ) and hydroxyl (OH - ) ions causing an increase in pH (12.5). [3] A pH > 9 may reversibly or irreversibly inactivate cellular membrane enzymes of the microorganism, resulting in a loss of biological activity of the cytoplasmic membrane. Very slight antimicrobial effect with apexit might be explained by too slow release of hydroxyl ions during the duration of contact. [6] Absence of an antibacterial effect on some strains of bacteria could conclude that the release of hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide was not sufficient to inhibit the growth pH of these microorganisms. [9]In addition, artificial media, mainly those containing blood, have a buffer ability that could provide a reduction in the high pH of calcium hydroxide, making it less effective. In clinical situations, buffer action of blood and tissue fluids may cause the same effects. [26] Estrela et al. observed that calcium hydroxide based root canal sealers were ineffective against P. aeruginosa and Bacteroides species.[27] This finding was also in accordance with the present study conducted.
| Conclusions | | |
On the basis of the results, observations, and statistical analysis, the following conclusion could be drawn:
Zinc oxide eugenol based root canal sealer produced largest inhibitory zones followed in decreasing order by epoxy resin based sealer and least by calcium hydroxide based root canal sealer. Zinc oxide eugenol based root canal sealer showed continued inhibitory effect for periods up to 7days/15 days, respectively (presence of eugenol and continuous release of formaldehyde).
AH 26 exhibited zones of bacterial growth inhibition, at all time intervals, but a lesser growth inhibition in comparison with endomethasone.
Apexit - no antimicrobial activity against four of the test microorganisms tested - E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. fragilis. Very little antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, Streptococcus and Peptostreptococcus strains.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
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