Knowledge of the size, morphology and variation of the root canals of primary teeth are useful in visualizing the pulp cavity during treatment. This study was carried out to investigate the applicability of Computed Tomography in studying the root canal morphology of the primary molars. A total of 60 primary molars.without any macroscopic root resorption were collected and divided into four groups. The samples were arranged in wax block and then scanned for evaluation in the CT Scanner both in axial and coronal plane. The results obtained from the scanned images were statistically analyzed to know the frequency, mean and standard deviation for all the groups. The images showed the complexity of the root canals of the primary molars and also several capabilities of the CT Scan in advance Endodontic research in primary teeth were observed.

The retention of pulpally involved deciduous tooth in a healthy state until the time of normal exfoliation remains to be one of the challenges for Pedodontists. A scientific noise has been generated about several materials some of which have been popular pulpotomy medicaments. Concerns have been raised about the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of these materials, and alternatives have been proposed to maintain the partial pulp vitality, however to date no material has been accepted as an ideal pulpotomy agent. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a biocompatible material which provides a biological seal. MTA has been proposed as a potential medicament for various pulpal procedures like pulp capping with reversible pulpitis, apexification, repair of root perforations, etc. Hence the present study was done to evaluate the efficacy of MTA as a pulpotomy medicament. A clinical and radiographic evaluation was done on children where MTA was used as pulpotomy medicament in primary molars for a period of 6 months and it was found to be a successful material.

India, a developing country, faces many challenges in rendering oral health needs. The majority of Indian population resides in rural areas of which more than 40% constitute children. The purpose of this study was to assess the oral health status of 5 years and 12 years school going children in Chennai city. The study population consisted of 1200 school children of both the sexes (600 private and 600 corporation school children) in 30 schools, which had been selected randomly. The survey is based on WHO, 1999 Oral Health Assessment, which has been modified by including gingival assessment, enamel opacities/ hypoplasia for 5 years. Evaluation of the oral health status of these children revealed, dental caries is the most prevalent disease affecting permanent teeth, more than primary teeth and more in corporation than in private schools, thereby, correlating with the socioeconomic status. It may be concluded that the greatest need of dental health education is at an early age including proper instruction of oral hygiene practices and school based preventive programs, which would help in improving preventive dental behaviour and attitude which is beneficial for life time.

The present cross-sectional study was carried out in 372 school going children of Belgaum aged 13-15 years. The sample was selected by two stage random sampling method. The aim of the study was to estimate the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli and to study the relationship between these microorganisms and dental caries experience. The DMFT was recorded according to the WHO criteria(1997).The microbial load was estimated from a single saliva sample obtained from the children. The mean DMFT recorded was 2.41. Streptococcus mutans was detected in 87.37% and Lactobacilli in only 36.71% of the sample. Statistically, highly significant relation was found between Streptococcus mutans and DMFT categories ( 2 =125.36, P< 0.001), while Lactobacilli was not statistically related to DMFT categories ( χ2 =8.78, P>0.05).

Etiology of class-III malocclusion is generally believed to be genetic. A wide range of environmental factors have been suggested as contributing factors for the development of class-III malocclusion. Twin study is one of the most effective methods available for investigating genetically determined variables of malocclusion. Discordancy for class-III malocclusion is a frequent finding in dizygotic twins. However, class-III malocclusion discordancy in monozygotic twins is a rare finding. The purpose of this study of monozygotic twins is to assess the genetic and environmental components of variation within the cranio-dento-facial complex.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a rare congenital disease that affects several ectodermal structures. The condition is usually transmitted as an x-linked recessive trait, in which gene is carried by the females and manifested in males. Manifestations of the disease differ in severity and involve teeth, skin, hair, nails and sweat and sebaceous gland. Ectodermal dysplasia is usually a difficult condition to manage. Prosthodontically, because of the typical oral deficiencies, and afflicted individuals are quite young to receive extensive prosthodontic treatment, which restores their appearance and helps them, for the development of positive self-image. This case report describes the management of upper jaw with over denture with copings on existing teeth i.e. two permanent peg shaped centrals as well as lateral incisors. However with adequate of retainer lower denture was provided with a new treatment modality.

Although temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is one of the most common pathologies afflicting the facial skeleton, it is also the most overlooked and under-managed problem in children. The TMJ forms the very cornerstone of cranio-facial integrity and hence its ankylosis in growing children adversely affects the growth and development of the jaws and occlusion. Impairment of speech, difficulty in mastication, poor oral hygiene, rampant caries and acute compromise of the airway pose a severe psychologic burden on the tender minds of children. The aim of this article is to present an overview of efficient management strategies, based on a case report, so as to increase its awareness among all dental surgeons involved in the treatment of children.

Cornelia De Lange syndrome is a relatively uncommon, multiple congenital anomaly / mental retardation disorder of unknown etiology. Its incidence has been reported to vary from 1 : 30,000 to 1 : 50,000 of live births, without any known racial predilection. However, it has been considered to be due to a new dominant mutation. Main clinical features of this syndrome include growth retardation, developmental delay, hirsutism, structural limb abnormalities, mental retardation and facial growth discrepancies. Main causes of death in such patients include pneumonia along with cardiac, respiratory and GI abnormalities.

Tooth fragment reattachment is a relatively new technique and there are many aspects which still need to be explored. Reported here is a case of enamel and dentin fracture of 11 and 21. There was a very thin layer of dentin clinically over the pulp chamber and the root apices were immature. The reattachment procedure was modified slightly. The initial joint was made with protective calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement on the approximating surfaces. The further reattachment was accomplished using composites and acid etch technique. This was done for pulpal protection. After six months, reattachment was intact and successful with no staining, sensitivity or pain. The radiographs revealed root completion of the immature incisors. The reattachment procedure proved to be biologically superior in addition to its esthetic value and psychological advantage.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect. A combination of four abnormalities in heart allow oxygen rich and oxygen-depleted blood to mix. The resulting low-oxygen blood then circulates through the body. A child with the condition tends to develop slowly, eat poorly and grow slowly and may experience "blue" spells on crying and dyspnea on exertion. A 12 year old child with this congenital heart defect and cleft palate with cleft lip is discussed. Details of the latest diagnostic and treatment procedures are also presented.

Multiple supernumerary teeth without any associated systemic conditions or syndromes are not common. We document a case of non-syndrome multiple supplemental supernumerary teeth in mandibular premolar region of an adolescent male patient, an incidental findings during routine radiographic examination. Periodic examination is recommended to monitor the clinical behavior.

Dentigerous cyst is one of the most prevalent types of odontogenic cyst and is associated with crown of an unerupted or developing tooth. Dentigerous cyst is more commonly seen with mandibular third molar and maxillary canine and rarely other teeth are involved. Here we report a case of dentigerous cyst involving permanent maxillary central incisor.

The term Riga-Fede disease has been used historically to describe traumatic ulceration that occurs on the ventral surface of tongue in neonates and infants. It is most often associated with natal and neonatal teeth in newborns. A case of Riga-Fede disease is presented.