Background: Glass ionomers are most commonly used esthetic restorative material, but has inferior mechanical properties. The search to improve its mechanical properties led to the use of hydroxyapatite (HA) whiskers as strengthening material for glass ionomer cement but its effect on fluoride release is still not clear. Aims: To evaluate and compare the fluoride release from HA incorporated glass ionomer and conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC). Settings and Design: This in vitro study comprised of total forty sample. Twenty Specimens of each HA incorporated glass ionomer and conventional glass ionomer were fabricated. Materials and Methods: Specimens were suspended individually in 25 mL of distilled water in a 50 mL plastic container and stored at 37°C. Distilled water was renewed every 24 h for 21 days. Fluoride release of sample was measured every 24 h for 7 days and weekly from 7 ^th day to 21 ^st day using Sension4 pH/ion selective electrode/mV meter. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, Repeated Measure analysis of variance, Paired Sample t-test, Independent Sample t-test, scheffe post hoc test. Results and Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in the mean fluoride release from day 1 to day 21 for both the groups hydroxyapatite glass ionomer cement and conventional glass ionomer cement ([HA-GIC] and CGIC). Though, the mean values of HA-GIC were slightly lower than C GIC, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean fluoride release between HA-GIC and CGIC throughout the experimental period. Within the limitations of this experimental design, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn and further investigations at a molecular level are needed to evaluate the trend of fluoride release from this material.

Aims: To compare the shear bond strength of three different pit and fissure sealants and evaluate the effect of a self-etching primer on shear bond strength of these three pit and fissure sealants as compared to conventional etch. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty newly extracted non carious permanent molars were selected. The mesial or distal surface was cleaned and polished to obtain a flat enamel surface. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of sixty teeth each and each group further divided into two subgroups of thirty each. The teeth in one subgroup were treated with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and the other subgroup with self-etching primer before formation of a sealant button using a Teflon mold. Then specimens were tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Results: The average bond strengths using conventional etch were: (1) Eco-S = 13.0986 MPa; (2) ClinPro = 13.4317 MPa; and (3) Dyract Flow = 13.0292 MPa and with self - etching primer were: (1) Eco-S = 19.7011MPa; (2) ClinPro = 20.8069 MPa; and (3) Dyract Flow = 19.5207 MPa. The values with self-etching primer were higher than and statistically different from those with the conventional etch system (student t test, P < 0.005). Conclusion: It was concluded that the bond strengths of self - etching primer in conjunction with pit and fissure sealant, exceeded those of conventional etch.

Background and Aim: Childhood overweight and obesity are becoming a major public health concern all over the world. Change in lifestyles and economic growth have led to sedentary lifestyle and altered dietary patterns. There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding the association between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries from various parts of the world. The aim of the present study was to determine if there is an association between BMI-for-age and dental caries in children and to find out the role of diet with respect to BMI-for-age and dental caries. Materials and Methods: Demographics and anthropometric measurements were obtained for 600 children and BMI-for-age was calculated. Clinical examination for dental caries was carried out following WHO criteria. A diet recording sheet was prepared and children/parents were asked to record the dietary intake for 3 days. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using Chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression. Results: After excluding improperly filled diet recording sheets, 510 children were included in the study. Caries prevalence was more in obese children than in other BMI groups. Caries scores increased as BMI-for-age increased, though this was not statistically significant. Consumption of fatty foods and snacks was more with obese children compared to other groups. A correlation was found between caries and snacks. Conclusion: Dental caries scores showed no relationship between BMI-for-age in children. Both snacks and fatty food items were consumed more by obese children, which seeks attention.

Aim : The purpose of the present study was to establish the relationship between the eruption of permanent maxillary canines and cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMs) to assess an alternative method for determining time of canine eruption in the late mixed dentition. Materials and Methods : One hundred and twenty subjects with erupting permanent maxillary canines were observed both intraorally and radiographically with orthopantamograms. Lateral cephalograms were recorded to divide subjects according to CVM stage into prepeak (CS1 and CS2), peak (CS3 and CS4) and postpeak (CS5 and CS6) groups of puberty. Statistical Analysis : The differences between the prevalence rates of canine eruption in different groups of puberty were estimated using 'z test'. Results : Prepeak group comprised of forty six subjects, peak group sixty eight subjects and postpeak group six subjects. The differences in prevalence rates between peak and prepeak and between peak and postpeak groups were noticed highly significant (p<0.001), while prevalence rates between peak and postpeak was found less significant ( p0 <0.01). Conclusion : Eruption of the permanent maxillary canine can occur at any CVM stage till end of the puberty or after puberty (CS1-CS6). Thus, an absence of maxillary canine during or after postpeak stage of puberty (CS5 or CS6) suggests delayed eruption and canine impaction.

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the ex-vivo effects of different root canal sealers on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five freshly extracted human mandibular premolars were used for the study. The length was standardized to 14 mm and all the teeth were biomechanically prepared and divided into five different groups based on the type of root canal sealers used. Group I:- Roeko seal + gutta percha, Group II: AH plus ^® root canal sealer + gutta percha, Group III: PULPDENT root canal sealer + gutta percha, Group IV: Zinc oxide-eugenol sealer + gutta percha, Group V: Control (unobturated teeth). The teeth were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and compressive strengths were measured using universal testing machine (Instron). Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA, unpaired t- test Results: Data obtained were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA and unpaired t-test. All groups showed a statistically significant result (P < 0.05). Teeth obturated with Group I and Group II showed higher resistance to fracture than teeth obturated with other three Groups. It was seen that the teeth obturated with group III showed a better fracture resistance than Group IV and there was no statistical significance found between Group and Group V. Conclusions: From this study, it has been concluded that both the resin based sealers that were used in this study were equally effective compared to that of the zinc oxide-based sealers and the control group. However, no significant results were obtained when the comparison was made between zinc oxide-eugenol and gutta-percha and the control group.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of reattached teeth using four different materials. Materials and Methods: 150 extracted human permanent maxillary incisors were randomly divided into five groups of 30 teeth each of one control and four experimental groups. Teeth in experimental groups were sectioned 2.5 mm from incisal edge and reattached using four different materials. The reattached teeth were subjected to evaluate fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance of reattached teeth using resin modified glass ionomer cement, compomer, composite resin and dual curing resin cement was 8.10 ± 2.34, 11.15 ± 3.36, 17.11 ± 3.99 and 14.13 ± 3.71 kg respectively. Results showed highly significant difference between the groups ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Fracture resistance of reattached teeth in the different groups varied from 24-51% of that for an intact tooth. Reattachment with composite resin provides highest fracture resistance ( P < 0.05). Reattachment with resin-modified glass ionomer cement was the weakest ( P < 0.05).

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among school going children of 6-12 years age group. Materials and Methods: Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean's index in school children of selected villages. The drinking water samples of all the selected villages were collected in polyethylene bottles and the fluoride content of these samples was determined by fluoride ion selective method using Orion microprocessor analyser. Results: The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis was found to be 69.84%. An increase in the community fluorosis index (CFI) with corresponding increase in water fluoride content was found. Conclusion: There was an increase in prevalence of dental fluorosis with a corresponding increase in water fluoride content from 0.8 ppm to 4.1 ppm. A significantly strong positive correlation was found between CFI and fluoride concentration in drinking water.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the pain perception by the pediatric patients, while experiencing computerized injection device comfort control syringe (CCS) and the conventional injection technique during dental clinical procedures. Materials and Methods: Fifty children (31 boys and 19 girls) aged 6-14 years requiring local anaesthesia on both sides of the dental arch for various treatment procedures were selected for this study. The patients served as their own control, and on the appointed day CCS was used on one side of the dental arch and on the subsequent appointment, i.e., the very next day conventional injection technique was used. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and faces pain rating scale (FRS) were used to assess the child's pain perception to each of the techniques immediately after the injection. Various physiological parameters were measured before, during and after the two injection procedures and compared for statistical variation. Results : Paired t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the pain perception by children using VAS and FRS between computerized and conventional technique. No statistically significant difference was observed when physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and temperature) were compared at various intervals between the computerized and the conventional technique. Conclusion: Computerized injection device (CCS) provides less painful injections when compared to the conventional injection technique.

Maxillary permanent incisors impaction is not a frequent case in dental practice, but its treatment is challenging because of its importance to facial esthetics. Supernumerary teeth are the main cause of impaction of upper incisors. Supernumerary teeth when present can cause both esthetic and pathologic problems. Early detection of such teeth is most important if complications are to be avoided. In this reported case, the orthopantamogram of a 9-year-old boy revealed two impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region, which was interfering with the eruption of the permanent central incisors. The impacted supernumerary teeth were surgically removed, 11 was repositioned in the arch as it was situated very high in the arch, close to the nasal floor. Twenty-one erupted spontaneously but orthodontic force was applied over 11 to bring it into the occlusion and alignment was achieved with 0.014 mm NiTi wire.

Occlusal morphology and difficult access for cleaning permanent molars result in the buildup of bacterial plaque and the development of caries. One method known as biological restoration was carried out. This technique known as biological restoration, has as main restorative material a fragment obtained from a duly donated extracted human tooth. This case report describes the restoration of an extensively decayed molar through the bonding of a fragment obtained from a third molar extracted from the patient himself. Biological restoration is a low-cost option that offers satisfactory aesthetic, morphological and functional results.The morphological/functional reestablishment of posterior teeth can be obtained through biological restoration, which allows the recovery of properties inherent to the dental structure, offers satisfactory aesthetic results and low cost.

Facial soft tissue injuries are commonly associated with majority of pediatric trauma cases. A rare case of soft tissue trauma caused due to explosion of a firecracker intraorally in a 3-year-old child is being presented.

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are relatively rare but well-described expansile, osteolytic psuedocysts are most commonly seen in the long bones, pelvis, and vertebra. Although a well-described lesion, much confusion exists in its pathogenesis especially of the associations of this lesion with other lesions. Approximately, one-third of patients with ABC present simultaneously with another bone pathology. The aim of this paper is to describe a rare case of simultaneously occurring ABC of the maxilla and mandible with the mandibular lesion occurring predominantly as a giant cell granuloma. The paper discusses the various histopathological variations of ABC as well as different lesions associated with ABC and tries to provide a review of different pathogenesis theories of this interesting lesion.

The paradental cyst is a lesion classified and recognized by World Health Organization quite recently, which is related to an inflammatory process, especially pericoronitis, involving a tooth in eruption. The aim of this article is to report a rare bilateral case of paradental cyst. An 8-year-old boy presented to the Oral Surgery Department, Dental Clinic, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, with the complaint of swelling over the buccal gingiva of his unerupted lower left first molar. Radiographs revealed a radiolucency involving the bifurcation and root area of teeth 36 and 46. The cysts were enucleated, maintaining the affected teeth in site; microscopic evaluation revealed a chronically inflamed cyst lined by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; the histopathology associated with macroscopic and radiographic examinations permitted the definitive diagnosis of a paradental cyst on the mandibular left and right first molars. The most recent literature shows the rarity of the paradental cyst occurring with bilateral localization. Because the paradental cyst can present variable clinical and radiographic signs, it is mandatory to correlate all clinical, radiographic, and histological data to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

The loss of a permanent first molar in adolescent patient creates a need for early space maintenance and restoration of function. To ascertain function and esthetics, immediate treatments include interim restorative approaches. This paper describes a conservative, functional and cost-effective bridge as an interim restoration after the loss of permanent first molar in an early adolescent dentition.

Feeding is a family's biggest concerns when a child is born with cleft lip and/or palate. The goal for that child is to have as near normal feeding as possible. This report presents fabrication of feeding plates in two infants born with cleft lip and palate using two different materials.